Once i translates to j (hukou homogamy), both x
journal F cijkl = Picture 2 + ? x ijkl + ? y ijkl + ? c ( ? x ijkl ) + ? c ( ? y ijkl )
ijkl and yijkl equal 0. xijkl indicates local-spouse-hypergamy (migrant spouse is more educated than local spouse), and yijkl indicates local-spouse-hypogamy (migrant spouse is less educated than local spouse). Thus, when i equals 0 and j equals 1 (migrant husband and local wife), xijkl equals 1 if k > l and 0 otherwise, yijkl equals 1 if k
Second, i scale ining the way the probability of hukou intermarriage transform that have per wife or husband’s studies (Gullickson and you will Torche, 2014), and now we then examine type for the market exchange among them places.
diary F cijkl = Picture dos + ? p = 1 dos ? p you pij + ? q = step 1 2 ? q w qij + ? c ? p = 1 2 ? p u pij + ? c ? q = step 1 dos ? q w qij
When i equals j (hukou homogamy), both upij and wqij equal 0. upij measures the education effects for migrant spouses to form hukou intermarriages, and wqij measures the education effects for local spouses to form hukou intermarriages. When i equals 0 and j equals 1 (migrant husband and local vanhat sinkku naiset lähelläsi wife), upij equals 1 if k >p and wqij equals 1 if l > q; when i equals 1 and j equals 0 (local husband and migrant wife), upij equals 1 if l > p and wqij equals 1 if k > q.
Thus, this model estimates separately how migrants’ and locals’ likelihoods of marrying across hukou boundaries change as their educations change. Specifically, ?p and ?q capture how the log-odds of hukou intermarriage change for migrants and locals, respectively, when moving up one level of education from either p or q (e.g., from less than high school to high school). Positive values of ? indicate that the odds of hukou intermarriage increase as migrant spouses’ educations increase, and negative values indicate that the odds of hukou intermarriage decrease as migrant spouses’ educations increase. ? provides the same information for local spouses. We expect ? to be positive and S to be negative, and we expect n and ? to be less pronounced in Shanghai than in Shenzhen.
Detailed Show
Detailed causes Dining table step 1 let you know hukou area pairings out of spouses by urban area. From inside the Shanghai, in the 47% away from mini-census was developed between one or two migrants; inside the Shenzhen, you to definitely percentage was more than 70%. In the 38% out-of marriage ceremonies involved a couple of regional partners inside the Shanghai, while fifteen% regarding marriage ceremonies had a couple of regional spouses in Shenzhen. Clearly, anybody had a tendency to wed inside their hukou reputation group in locations. In places, marriage ceremonies anywhere between an area spouse and you may a good migrant partner were far apt to be than simply marriage ceremonies ranging from an effective migrant husband and you will a location partner to occur (13% versus. 3% inside the Shanghai and you may 11% against. 4% when you look at the Shenzhen). The newest part of hukou area homogamy is similar from the several metropolises. But really, you want to understand the outcomes which have caution, given that share out-of migrants differs in these a few metropolises. The fresh new relative size of migrants and you will locals produces structural marital ventures for individuals to look for possible spouses and finally ). Log-linear investigation lets us evaluate the degree of hukou homogamy, online of the compositional effects, of the handling getting marginal withdrawals from hukou standing.
Table step 1.
I earliest introduce brand new withdrawals of knowledge attainment to possess migrant husbands, regional husbands, migrant spouses, and you may local wives into the for each urban area, correspondingly, when you look at the Figure step one . On average, migrants is actually reduced experienced than simply natives, regardless of gender, in both Shanghai and Shenzhen. One of migrants, men are ideal educated than simply ladies in each other Shanghai and you will Shenzhen. In contrast, certainly neighbors, brand new gender pit from inside the studies was often quick if you don’t stopped: local guys on average are only slightly better experienced than just its feminine equivalents inside Shenzhen, and you will local women typically be much more knowledgeable than their men competitors inside Shanghai. Log-linear patterns handle into degree inequalities between visitors and you can between neighbors and you can migrants to capture the fresh connections ranging from spouses’ knowledge and anywhere between academic and you can hukou locality assortative mating, internet of marginal distributions off spouses’ traits.